buy custom Encounters with Stereotypes essay

buy custom Encounters with Stereotypes essay Stereotypes are defined as the characteristics that are often ascribed to a specific group of people and mostly involve national, origin, gender, race as well as other factors that tend to be generalization or over simplification of the groups that are involved. Stereotyping often result to discrimination as well as stigmatization of the involved groups especially if they are largely negative in nature but also the stereotypes termed as positive can be harmful as well and this is attributed to their limiting nature (Florman, 1995). Encounters with stereotypes It is easy for one to believe that at this age and era discrimination has been rooted out in our society but it is common to come across discrimination based upon ones gender, race, religion, age group or even those who are disabled or less fortunate in the society. Children have been taught to take care and help the poor as well as those with disabilities, the homeless the mentally challenged among others and this might make one belief that our society is the one that promotes equality at its best unfortunately it is not. I am a normal respectful teenage girl of average intelligence but based on my personal experience I have found out the opposite especially as it pertains to the prevailing discrimination against teenagers especially those who dress differently. From the way I dress people stereotype me as a teenage freak and by just looking at me they say a lot of things about me with others even going to the extent of saying I am into drugs. By simply dressing different I have been stopped countless times, threatened by arrests, sworn at simply holding a skate board or by just standing on a street corner. This is happening to me despite the fact that other teens do similar things and not word is said to them serve to stereotype me. Just from my dressing I am considered as deressed, Satanist, trouble maker, on drugs or even a witch. The problem of being stereotyped that way further impacts as people tend to act on these opinions for instance, getting a job had become hard simply because, by wearing a eye brow ring its considered offensive despite the fact that I might be the most respectful and responsible person in the world. Another type of stereotyping I have experienced happened when I was stereotyped as teenage brain in school. It was on a Friday afternoon when students were talking about a big party that was anticipated that evening that was organized for one of the girls in my class. A classmate sitting next to me turned and asked me if I was going to attend that party and even before answering him he broke in convinced that I would probably be at home doing my homework and study the whole night as my classmates attended the party. Such comment made me realize that I was being stereotyped as a brain limited and considering the fact that I wasnt going to be at the party that evening made my classmates to believing that I was at home studying. Such stereotyping is mainly attributed with the brain stereotyping where anyone doing good in school must be a person who does and completes his or her work in time and often likes being the top student in the class. Despite the fact that everything associated with the stereotype of the brain does not describe me, my classmates using my good grades throughout the school , I like learning new things and that schooling was not a problem stereotyped me as a brain (University of Toronto, 2010). This discrimination has really affected my morale when it comes to doing my assignments because despite the fact that I like do well in my grades the fear of my classmates stereotyping me to be a brain concerns me. Finally, I also experienced stereotyping based on race. Other groups appart from Americans have been treated discriminately in the country in particular is the treatment of Muslims who are blamed for the September terror attacks. Muslims who had nothing to do with the bombing have been stereotyped as terrorist and have become targets of hate. This type of stereotyping has never being of personal concern until one afternoon when I and my family went to a grocery store where I witnessed three adult males were yelling at an innocent little girl who was supposedly of a Muslim descent. As we passed the store the three American men were screaming at the young girls and we did nothing to stop them as we just passed as if nothing was happening. They were cursing her calling her names and for fear of my parents reaction I said nothing to stop them. It was after that experience that stereotyping based on race and religion became real to me. That type of stereotyping has not been the only one I have experienced as one day in a lobster store making my order, the family in front of me was Muslim and as they approached to make their order the owner of the store yield at them declaring that he doesnt sell food to dirty a Muslims. That shocked me as I never knew that one could not be sold something based on their religion, color of skin or anything of the sort. In protest, I had to refuse to buy from the same store as I felt insulted that he refused to sell a lobster to that family just because they were Muslims and I had to go to another store instead. The problem with such stereotyping is that given that few Muslims decide to do something wrong does not mean every person who is a Muslim is wrong. Therefore such stereotyping is very wrong as it impacts the victims in many ways that are negative both physically, emotionally, socially ad even psychologically and should therefore be rooted out if the society is to coexist in peace and harmony (Health Education Researcher, 2008). Buy custom Encounters with Stereotypes essay

How to Become a National Merit Semifinalist

How to Become a National Merit Semifinalist SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Every October, about 1.6 million juniors across the country take the PSAT. Those who score in the top 1% achieve the distinction of National Merit Semifinalist. Most of these students move on to become National Merit Finalists, with some winning scholarship money for college. Being named a National Merit Semifinalist is a huge achievement along the path to college. Let’s take a look at what you need to do to become a National Merit Semifinalist. Basic Entry Requirements forNational Merit Semifinalists To become a Semifinalist and be eligible for a National Merit Scholarship, you must meet the following four requirements set by the National Merit Scholarship Corporation (NMSC): Be enrolled as a high school student, progressing normally toward graduation.This just means that you’re taking and passing a normal number of classes and expect to graduate on time. Plan to enroll full-time in college starting the fall following high school graduation. In other words, you can’t postpone college to spend a year abroad, work full-time, and so on. Be a U.S. citizen or lawful U.S. permanent resident planning to become a U.S. citizen. Earn a top PSAT score.The definition of a "top" score varies by state, but generally you'll need to score in the top 1% of juniors to qualify. But what PSAT score do you need exactly? Keep reading because in the next section we explain exactly how high your PSAT score needs to be to qualify you for Semifinalist status. To be eligible for National Merit, you must plan to start college in the fall after your high school graduation. National Merit SemifinalistQualifying Scores The NMSCuses its own Selection Index to determine which students qualify as Commended Students and Semifinalists. In general, students who score in thetop 3-4%are named Commended Scholars, while students who score in the top 1% are deemed Semifinalists. Students are compared on astate-by-state basis.The NMSC's Selection Index ranges from 48 to 228 and is based on PSAT section scores. There are three PSAT section scores (one each for Math, Reading, and Writing and Language). Each section score ranges from 8 to 38. To calculate your Selection Index, you simplyadd your three PSAT section scores together and then multiply the sum by 2. Let's say you got 28 on Reading, 32 on Writing and Language, and 34 on Math. To find your Selection Index score, first add your section scores together: 28 + 32 + 34 = 94. Then, multiply the sum by 2 (94 * 2 = 188). This gives you a Selection Index score of 188. As you'll see in the chart below, a 188 Selection Index score isn't high enough toqualify for National Merit Semifinalist status. Instead, you'll need a Selection Index of 212 or higher, depending on where you take the test. Based on reports from individuals around the country, we've put together a comprehensive list of qualifying PSAT Selection Index scores. Check out the most recent state cutoffs for National Merit Semifinalist in the chart below. These were used to pick out Semifinalists from the October 2017 administration of the PSAT. State Selection Index Alabama 216 Alaska 215 Arizona 220 Arkansas 214 California 223 Colorado 221 Connecticut 222 Delaware 222 DC 223 Florida 219 Georgia 220 Hawaii 220 Idaho 214 Illinois 221 Indiana 219 Iowa 216 Kansas 218 Kentucky 218 Louisiana 217 Maine 217 Maryland 223 Massachusetts 223 Michigan 219 Minnesota 220 Mississippi 215 Missouri 217 Montana 214 Nebraska 216 Nevada 218 New Hampshire 219 New Jersey 223 New Mexico 215 New York 221 North Carolina 220 North Dakota 212 Ohio 219 Oklahoma 215 Oregon 221 Pennsylvania 220 Rhode Island 220 South Carolina 216 South Dakota 215 Tennessee 219 Texas 221 Utah 215 Vermont 216 Virginia 222 Washington 222 West Virginia 212 Wisconsin 216 Wyoming 212 Average Score 218 As you can see, scores vary depending on where you take the test. Cutoffsregularly vary a few points between years, so if you haven't taken the PSAT yet and are aiming for National Merit, set your target Selection Index about2-5 points higher than the predicted cutoff for your state. After you take the PSAT, there's nothing more you can do to be named Semifinalist until the results are announced. The NMSC notifies eligible students in September the following school year. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: What Are the Steps to Becoming a National Merit Semifinalist? You now know the requirements for becoming a National Merit Semifinalist, and you have a plan to get a top PSAT score. But what are the actual steps to becoming a Semifinalist?The process begins early in your junior year and can last all the way until the end of your senior year. Below is an outline of the key steps you'll need to take to become a Semifinalist. Junior Year October: Take the PSAT You’ll take the PSAT on a Wednesday or Saturday in October of your junior year. Because you'll be competing with about 1.6 million juniors, it's important to study diligently for the PSAT (as you would for the SAT or ACT) by taking official PSAT practice tests andtargeting your weaknesses in your prep.(We give you more PSAT prep tips in the next section.) Remember, only the top 1% of juniors qualify for Semifinalist status, so you'll need to be at the top of your game on test day! Aiming for a National Merit Scholarship but worried your score won't qualify? If you're not sure you can self-study your way to a qualifying PSAT score, you'll love our PSAT prep program, PrepScholar. We designed our program to learn your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics and customize your prep to be as effective as possible for you. When you start with PrepScholar, you’ll take a diagnostic that will determine your weaknesses in over forty PSAT skills. PrepScholar then creates a study program specifically customized for you. To improve each skill, you’ll take focused lessons dedicated to each skill, with over 20 practice questions per skill. This will train you for your specific area weaknesses, so your time is always spent most effectively to raise your score. We also force you to focus on understanding your mistakes and learning from them. If you make the same mistake over and over again, we'll call you out on it. There’s no other prep system out there that does it this way, which is why we get better score results than any other program on the market. Check it out today with a 5-day free trial: December: Receive PSAT Scores You’ll typically get your PSAT scores in early December,about six weeks after you take the test. While you'll be able to see how well you scored and whether you meet your state's most recent National Merit Semifinalist cutoff, remember thatthese cutoffs can change slightly each year, so you won’t know for sure whether you're a Semifinalist until the beginning of your senior year. Winter/Spring: NMSC Determines High Scorers During this time, the NMSC determines the 50,000 high scorers who quality for the National Merit program. Senior Year September: Semifinalists Announced In early Septemberof your senior year, you’ll finally learn whether you’re officially a National Merit Semifinalist or not. Of the 50,000 high scorers determined, 16,000 will become Semifinalists, and the remaining 34,000 will be recognized as Commended Students (but won’t move forward with the National Merit Program). Fall: Apply to Be a Finalist After you’ve been recognized as a Semifinalist, you’ll begin the Finalist application process. To apply, you’ll need to submit the following materials: High school transcript SAT scores (must be received by December 31) Information about your activities and leadership roles A personal essay A recommendation from your high school principal, or someone the principal designates as a school official Information about your school’s curricula and grading system There’s no official cutoff for SAT scores or GPA, but the NMSC is looking for strong grades and test scores to prove that your PSAT scores weren’t just a fluke. February: Finalists Announced In February, 15,000 of the 16,000 Semifinalists are named Finalists and can apply for National Merit Scholarships. March: Scholarship Winners Announced Finally, 7,500 of the finalists learn that they are National Merit Scholarship winners. Each winner receives a $2,500-a-year National Merit Scholarship, a corporate-sponsored scholarship, and/or a college-sponsored scholarship. How Do You Get the PSAT Score You Need to Become a National Merit Semifinalist? Alright, so you’re going to need an amazing score on the PSAT in order to meet the National Merit Semifinalist cutoff. Getting that score can be tough, but follow these three tips as you prepare in order to get your best PSAT score. #1: Take Practice Tests Doing well on the PSAT is all about preparation. Studying the content and format of the test is the best way to bring your score up. Some people are natural test takers, while others stress under pressure. Regardless of how you react to timed tests, preparing with high quality, relevant materials is the best way to position yourself toward top scores. Since the College Board makes the PSAT, its online practice questions are a great place to start. Below are two official practice PSATs you can use for free.You can also find more free and official PSAT practice tests in our guide. Official PSAT Practice Test 1 - Score Your Test - Answer Explanations Official PSAT Practice Test 2 - Score Your Test - Answer Explanations Take these practice tests under typical test conditions:work in a quiet area with few distractions and time yourself in accordance with official PSAT time limits. Taking timed tests is a skill, and practicing this skill will help you get better and better at the PSAT. Understanding the format of the test will also help you eliminate the potential for careless errors. #2: Identify and Strengthen Your Weak Areas It’s not enough, however, to take just one practice test and then immediately move on to the next one.As you’re studying and answering practice problems, try to identify your weaknesses.Are there any patterns in your mistakes? Do you need more practice with Reading questions? Grammar? Vocabulary? Algebra? Probability? Figure out where you need to focus your attention to really strengthen your overall PSAT score. At the same, you might also be able to push up your overall score by playing to your strengths. The NMSC considers your composite score rather than your individual section scores. For example, if you scored 650 on the Math section of a practice test, it might be easy for you to push that up to 750+. Or if you’re stronger at Reading and Writing, you might be able to add more points to your composite score by focusing your energies on those two sections. Just remember that, ultimately, you can’t have any low section scores on the PSAT if you want to become a National Merit Finalist. So try to staystrong across all areas of the test! #3: Set Goals and Track Your Progress Becoming a National Merit Semifinalist is a lofty goal, and in order to make sure you’re on track to meet it, you need to know early on what PSAT to aim for and how much progress you should be making. First, use the above chart to figure out what the cutoff is for your state. You might want to add a point or two just to be safe and take into account any potential increases in the cutoff score. Once you have your overall PSAT goal score, set smaller goals to accomplish throughout your studying. These can be monthly or weekly goals depending on what works best for your schedule. Some ideas could beto try to develop a better understanding of algebra questions by the end of the week, or to try to raise your total PSAT score 20 points by the end of the month. No matter your goals, regularly check to see that you’re (on your way to) meeting them. If not, figure out what you can do to improve, such as studying more often or changing up your study methods. Setting regular goals will not only help you stay motivated but will also ensure that you’re making the progress you need to be making to get the score you want on test day. How to Stay Motivated for the PSAT In addition to planning how you'll prep for the PSAT, you should ask yourself another important question: how will you stay motivated?Staying motivated is key to sustaining your studying. Why do you want to do well on the PSAT? What drives you? Some reasons students strive to become National Merit Semifinalists are academic recognition, scholarship money,and getting into college.What are your own personal reasons? Write down your ideas, and look back at this list for inspiration whenever you feel your motivation lagging. Since the PSAT is closely linked to the SAT, any studying you do now will definitely pay off when you take the SAT. Plus, it’s probably easier for you to find free time now than when you’re immersed in college applications senior year. Achieving a qualifying score or higher takes a lot of hard work. The benefits of this hard work don’t end when you get a certificate in the mail from the NMSC recognizing you as a semifinalist in September of your senior year. You can prove to yourself and to others the depth of your commitment and drive by putting your hopes into action and your dreams into determination. After all, this focused, purposeful effort is the key to achieving success in anything you do! What's Next? Being named Semifinalist is just the first step. Learn what it takes to become a National Merit Finalist and how to increase your chances of winning a scholarship. Did you know there are four kinds of National Merit Scholarshipsand more than 8,000 are awarded each year? Read all about the various scholarshipshere. Want to score a perfect SAT score?Check out our easy-to-read guide on how to do just that, written by an expert 1600 scorer. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Rebecca Safier About the Author Rebecca graduated with her Master's in Adolescent Counseling from the Harvard Graduate School of Education. She has years of teaching and college counseling experience and is passionate about helping students achieve their goals and improve their well-being. She graduated magna cum laude from Tufts University and scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Ambiguity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ambiguity - Essay Example It seems that the context for which ambiguity is expressed is the main deciding factor in its impact. Its impact should be judged on presumed results of that expression. If we consider the advertising industry, people often feel that the nature of advertising in the postmodern era needs ambiguous presentation at times to attract multitude of audience. They feel that ambiguous advertising can attract more audience while satisfying orthodox thinkers about the presentation nature of a product or service. For example, if we consider the marketing of a product that is treated as unconventional, ambiguous advertising can serve two purposes. Firstly, a viewer can get impressed by the appealing presentation of the product and more inclined towards acquiring the product (The Ambiguity of Advertising, 2008). Secondly, this nature helps in attracting multiple audiences with different perceptions (The Ambiguity of Advertising, 2008). It helps respective company and/or advertising agencies to defend their marketing strategy in case of any controversies. Moreover, the ambiguous presentation aids in attracting vast audience with minimal and intelligent investment. However, this attitude may sometimes backfire with its enormous negative consequences (The Ambiguity of Advertising, 2008). The reasons for it can be related to the same factors that hill attracting more customers. Lack of clarity in advertising the intended benefits of a product or service leads to confusion for the audience whether or not to opt for its service. Also, people who misinterpret or identify exactly the actual purpose of the advertisement may feel reluctant to acquire it. With the advancements in technologies and change of various dimensions in the world, the level of ambiguity at various levels has increased dramatically over the years (Alessandra, 2001). This nature has

CLIMATE CHANGE AN OUTCOME OF ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS Essay

CLIMATE CHANGE AN OUTCOME OF ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS - Essay Example The Intergovernmental panel on climate change at the Kyoto protocol determined in 2007 that â€Å"most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations† [2]. Furthermore, based on the assumption that significant anthropogenic warming has taken place over the past 50 years over each continent except Antartica, it has been concluded that anthropogenic climate change is having a significant impact on physical and bilogical systems globally [3]. Climate change is occuring on all continents and in most oceans. Changes in the natural system since 1970 have been occuring where temperature increase has taken place. These changes cannot be explained by natural climate variations alone. This implies that climate change is primarily attributable to anthropogenic factors. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) conclude that the earth is warming and tha t humans are probably the cause. Technologies to decrease greenhouse gas emissions and strategies for carbon sequestraion have been found to be essential as species extinction has been found to be related to climate warming [4].

The Rise of the Star in the Wake of Hollywood’s Golden Era Essay Example for Free

The Rise of the Star in the Wake of Hollywood’s Golden Era Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hollywood has long been a place distinguished by the fulfillment of dreams that it offers to the large number of hopefuls who are longing to be artists. The fame and the fortune that Hollywood brings to its people and its subjects are rather large and too much inviting for the enthusiasts of the arts. The birth of filmmaking took place in the same place where the artists were also nurtured with the skills and competent skills that they now have in performing infront of their audiences and infront of cameras.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However beautiful it could be seen right now, it should be remembered that before the prestigious name of Hollywood came to reality, the creators of the said have passed a number of hardships in its history â€Å"dream factory†. The fact that it takes a lot of effort to make a dream come true, the ones who established Hollywood as a name that echoes the picturesque of perfect artistry, did a lot of job to attain their goals in making a name for the said place. Today, it could be noticed that Hollywood becomes the center of every news report in the world that gives color to television programming. Indeed, Hollywood’s establishment has made t possible for people around the world to enjoy a certain entertainment that brings ease to every depressed soul in the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is the main reason why many people take interest n knowing how Hollywood came to be. How it all started and who were the ones who made it big in the first years of the Entertainment industry in the United States. The Fifty Golden Years of Hollywood’s history has long been the favorite subject that art enthusiasts and historians enjoy to tackle. The color of life that makes up the history of the said sector of the human civilization since the 1950’s has made it even more interesting even for local readers and viewers of Hollywood shows. A Background on Hollywood’s History as a Residential Place   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hollywood’s beginning has been more shifted on the agricultural nourishment that the place provides for the residents. However, when the 1880’s arrived, H.H. Wilcox has planned a new community that he has foreseen to grow n Hollywood. It was more of a community that is fit for wealthy people. Later on, the famous personalities from different parts of the United States and Europe began to see the said place as a fine residential area and began to settle there for good.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Prospect Avenue has become a home for the famous ones such as Queen Anne, the Victorian residents and other more famous personalities. Since then, Hollywood has not been much the same as it has been when it first started as a simple community of agriculturists. More changes were still ready to happen in the coming years in the Hollywood History. The Beginning of Film Industry and Art Enthusiasm in Hollywood   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the year 1911, the first film studio has been established by the Nestor Company. The said studio was located at the corner of the Sunset and Grower streets. Nestor Company’s film studio began shooting the first films in the fine climate and ambiance of Hollywood. Since then, Hollywood began to take a name that is more suited for the artistic creation of the excellent movies that entertains the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The adjustments though were not that easy to accept especially for the older residents of Hollywood. Since some part of Hollywood’s area was still dedicated to agriculture, the changes that the film industry brings to the locals of the place brought several issues for the older and the newer residents of Hollywood. Later on, the agricultural sites in Hollywood began to be subdivided and then created into residential areas. The said agricultural place is now more famously known as the Hollywood Boulevard. More than this, there came the creation of skyrocketing buildings around the area that hosted most of the companies that intended to put up filmmaking studios around Hollywood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other establishments such as banks, grocery stores, restaurants and clubs as well as movie theaters were also established which naturally catered to the needs of the residents that are currently residing in Hollywood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The architectural design of the buildings were both inspired by the playful personalities that resided in the place as well as the famous ones that were known during the two World Wars that mainly affected the art of filmmaking in the entertainment industry. The whole community has been offering all kinds of created building styles that show the extreme depiction of both glamour and sophistication that the place holds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Everything became fit for the stars. However, when the movie stars began to have a better choice of residential offering in Beverly Hills, the said Hollywood life changed since the restaurants that were once found in the vicinity of the said place left with the stars and transferred to their customers’ area in Beverly Hills.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hence, the Hollywood city’s ambiance changed to becoming a more industrialized, and business-centered community. Most of the filmmaking studios stayed in Hollywood while other industrial offices found the said city more inviting and suit for their profitable pursuits. Today, the social environment of Hollywood is more of a business-oriented area than that of a residential place as it has been before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No matter how many changes has been taken in connection with the film industry, the buildings in the said area, which still holds the historical picture of the place is now being taken care of by the United States’ government as it has been officially noted in the national Register of Historic Places. Indeed, the said protection does not only intend to take care of the Historical background of Hollywood as a place for residents of the famous and the glamorous but it also offers to protect the colorful beginning of the history of the art of filmmaking in the said place. Yes, Hollywood was the place where all the artistic approach of entertainment in terms of filmmaking all started and continues to thrive at present. CHAPTER 2 The Glamour of the 50’s   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It has only been the end of a big world account, the second World War’s effect on the American Society and the whole world as well, has not only been directed to the political aspects of the society but also towards the arts. It could be noted that during the war years, the created films were calmer and less provocative of mass rebellion. The years that covered the 1940’s has much control on the way that the films were presented to the public. The movies were characterized to be less presenting on the real accounts that happen on the society during that era. This is because of the filmmakers’ fear of being connoted as an industry that encourages the society to rebel or revolt against the authorities that presently control the society during those years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, when the war finally ended, the people or the viewers wanted more than just a calm presentation of the society. The fact that many among the people in the society were directly afflicted by the war years, the y wanted a more rebellious entertainment. Their emotional outpouring on the authorities who failed to end the war years at the least possible time that it have existed has inspired the filmmakers to present the actual emotional dispositions of the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because of the idea of being finally free from the strife that the war brought upon the human society, the whole humanity aimed to show the pain that they used to feel during the times of the war. They aimed to show the public of the dreadful effects that the wars brought about to the lives of the people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is the reason why many of the films that were produced during the 1950’s introduced more expressive characters and settings that catered to the emotionally shifted themes of the movies during those certain times. Regarding this, an Internet site on the said film history placed it this way:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"In the period following WWII when most of the films were idealized with   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   conventional portrayals of men and women, young people wanted new and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   exciting symbols of rebellion. Hollywood responded to audience demands the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   late 1940s and 1950s saw the rise of the anti-hero with stars like newcomers   Ã‚  Ã‚   James Dean, Paul Newman (who debuted in the costume epic The Silver Chalice (1954)) and Marlon Brando, replacing more proper actors like Tyrone Power, Van Johnson, and Robert Taylor. [In later decades, this new generation of method actors would be followed by Robert DeNiro, Jack Nicholson, and Al   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pacino.] Sexy anti-heroines included Ava Gardner, Kim Novak, and Marilyn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Monroe an exciting, vibrant, sexy star.† (The Dawning of the 50’s, 2006)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yes, the new-waved approach of the movie industry in presenting a more reality based programming system has opened ways to new artists to be known and introduced to the society as enthusiasts of the social interests. The young entertainment has also been catered by the film industry during this era.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   James dean as for example became the most famous teenager artist. His skills in the craft of acting have made him a great name in the entertainment industry. The Said Internet site further adds:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"The anguished, introspective teen James Dean (1932-1955) was the epitome of adolescent pain. Dean appeared in only three films before his sudden death in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the fall of 1955. His first starring role was in Elia Kazans adaptation of John   Ã‚   Steinbecks novel East of Eden (1955) as a Cain-like son named Cal vying for   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   his fathers (Raymond Massey) love against his brother Aron.† (The Dawning of the 50’s, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Along with James Dean, came other young stars that also tried to portray the character of youngsters that the teenagers during those times wanted to present in the society. Young ones who are more expressive, more certain about the things that they want and more open towards their opinion of the society’s norms have been the main characters of the movie icons that have been shown through the films of the 1950’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As years pass, the film industry of the 50’s have been more open minded about the realities that are found in the human society. Cigar smoking, the use of fouls words and the fast-talks has been much related to entertainment of the 50’s era. Yes, the birth of a more socially oriented and reality-based programming has been introduced to the viewers during the years of the post-world war. The fondness of the society to actually see themselves symbolically through the characters of the artists that portray their roles in the movies have been the main idea of   entertainment of those times. CHAPTER 3 The Big Ten of Hollywood’s Golden Years   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The artists were not the only ones who have gained names during the Golden years of Hollywood’s history. The filmmakers and the people that contributed to the success of the entertainment industry who made the movie making possible also gained fame and dignity for themselves that have been remarkably incomparable among others who have been flourishing in the same industry through the years that followed before them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The said ten personalities shall be introduced in the list that follows: Alvah Bessie (1940-2001)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He is a screenwriter who created themes for Warner Brothers studios, and some other studios, which he spent lesser times with. His enthusiasm in showing the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   society of the post-war effects of the current issues that happened during his years has been completely phenomenal in the entertainment industry. His ability      if catering to the theme that most of the audiences in the society like to see in the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   movies has created for him a name that goes around the extra ordinary in creating movie plots.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among his works was Objective Burma (1945), Men in Battle, Spain Again   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (book) and Spanish Civil War Notebooks (book, 1938).   All the said works   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   became more focused on the experiences that he, along with his colleagues has   Ã‚  Ã‚   experienced during the war era. Herbert J. Biberman   (1950)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He is an American Director-Screenwriter who posted much enthusiasm on the showing f the side of the union workers regarding the social issues that concerns them. Because of this fact, the socialists mostly mistakenly accuse him of being a communist because of the theme of his movies. However, for the less-heard society, he was the epitome of a man who has made their voices heard to towards those who needed to address their needs. Lester Cole (1920-1960) Although he was considered to be among the less unfortunate members of the top ten of Hollywood’s Golden Years, he has also created ways by which some of the people in the society were directly addressed through his screenplays. Most of his movies catered to the dreams of most of the American people during his times. His ability of creating for himself a name in the industry identifies him as a sole creator of the film-art. Edward Dmytryk (1935-1960)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He started as a messenger in the Paramount pictures when he entered the Hollywood scene. Most of his movies were known to be of a theme that caters to the public idealisms of a fine society. The ability of the young ones to make a change and the fantasy-related dreams of people or the audiences has been mostly the main theme of his films. Ring Lardner, Jr. (1940-1970)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   His movies mostly catered to the idealisms of the women population. The constant relation that he has posted towards the wants of the women in the society has earned him a credible name from the feminist groups of the society. Although he has been blacklisted for quite some time, his works has been undeniably incomparable. John Howard Lawson (1920-1964) His enthusiasm in filmmaking has been much shifted on the political theme of the movies that he created. The flaws of the government and the authorities that makes the up the government has made his works different form that of the others. Albert Maltz   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He is known as a novelist who wanted to create stories that catered to the social views of the local audiences. Hence, most of his works were turned into movies that were widely accepted by the people. Samuel Ornitz (1923- 1930) He was a generally refined novelist who catered to the themes that affected the audiences as people and as members of the society. Although he has been blacklisted, his works became known to the public and was directly accepted by the audiences. Adrian Scott (1950) Screenwriter/producer Dalton Trumbo (1940-1970) He created films that are close to reality especially during the wart years. He was rather certain about his aim of letting the society know of the truth even though it was most dangerous during those times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The big ten of Hollywood’s history has been much of a breakthrough to the usual programming that Hollywood has been catering to. They opened ways by which playwrights, screenwriters and directors could express their views through movies with much braver and determination to let the public know of the truth though artistic entertainment. CHAPTER 4 Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the history of Hollywood’s most flourishing years, towards the present era, the entertainment industry that remains a resident in the Hollywood community has been proven to influence many people not only in the American society or regions but also in the whole world. The ability of the filmmaking industry to affect the lives of the people have been noted as the most effective way of creating opinions of the public regarding the social issue that are currently affecting the human society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the future, it is expected that Hollywood’s years of existence would continue to flourish and cater to the entertainment needs to he public. Not only as a source of relaxation but as a revelation to the reality that binds the human society’s current history. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books: David Bordwell. (2003). Film Art: An Introduction. McGraw-Hill Companies; 7th edition. G. Ellrod. (2001). Hollywood Greats of the Golden Years: The Late Stars of the 20s Through the 50s (McFarland Classics). McFarland Company; New Ed edition. Internet Sources: Mary Scott. (2003). The Hollywood Ten. http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/blacklist.html. (January 23, 2007). Historic Resources Group. (2005). A Short History of Hollywood. http://www.historicla.com/hollywood/history.html. (January 23, 2007). Film History of the 1950s. (2006). http://www.filmsite.org/50sintro.html. (January 23, 2007).

Performance Measurement Systems in Business Essay -- assessing organiz

Business firms may seem to be similar, relying on guide of organizational models. However, in practice, all business is unique, functioning as a distinct arrangement of organizational models, designs and practices. Adoptation of any plan is all to support ‘’inimitable’’ business strategy. Performance measurement is critical in assessing organization overall performance and results are used for strategic planning to develop range of strategies (Tapinos & Dyson, 2005) for achievement of sustainable business success. Without this information and understanding, organizational strategies will not be in configuration with or effective in the business environment. Performance measurement is a multifaceted management tool that centres on how a business generates value. Performance measurement systems are used to reinforce the behaviours required for business success as well as for achieving organizational direction. Study On the impact of performance measurement in strategic planning process (Tapinos & Dyson, 2005) described the effectiveness of performance measurement system and explai...

Peer Presure Essay

â€Å"Peer Pressure is an influence that creates or the desire for change.† Most teenagers agree that they will follow a peer’s decision rather than their parents’ or the authority’s. Peers are more influential in a teen’s life and tend to have more power than parents. Peer pressure has always been present and will also always be present. It is not a disease or a crime, it is merely and influence; either a negative or a positive one. WHAT IS NEGATIVE PEER PRESSURE? Negative peer pressure is an influence exerted on a person to do something wrong. This may be stealing, drugs or other. If someone influences you into doing something like this it is considered negative peer pressure. We can help reduce peer pressure by teaching coping skills at an early age. Many teenagers who give in easily to negative pressures had a difficult child hood; low self-esteem, feeling of not belonging, poor communication and judgmental skills. HOW TO RECOGNIZE NEGATIVE PEER PRESSURE Negative peer pressure gives something significant to teenagers. The group is a place where one feels accepted, where he can feel good about himself, where he feels secure. It increases his self esteem, and it also enhances his self-image. SOME NEGATIVE PEER PRESSURE AREAS Negative peer pressure can often be observed in areas such as:+ Sexuality+ Narcotics+ Alcohol+ Cults+ Groups and gangs+ Tobacco products+ Stealing+ School+ Etc†¦ THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF PEER PRESSURE During adolescence, a teenager is subjected to lots of peer pressure. This pressure can effect the child mentally, physically and socially. Some of the effects on a person when dealing with negative peer pressure are: Low Self-Esteem: This is the main and most common effect. When a person’s peers mock him/her, or make them feel bad, this person becomes insecure. They begin to feel down and rejected. They feel as if they are worthless to the world. And anybody who has experienced this at one time or another knows that this is one of, if not the, worst feeling you can possess. Substance Abuse: Peers often pressure one another to do something they do not want to do. Offering drugs or alcohol is very common during adolescence. And after constant persisting, and insisting that â€Å"everyone is doing it† and that â€Å"it’s cool to do so† one gives into this horrible disease. And more often than not, a person can become addicted and dependent on this substance. Obsessions or Depression: People are often subjected to constant portrayals of what you are SUPPOSED to look like or act. If a person sees people that are always thin and happy, one becomes obsessed with that image, and thinks that if they do not look or act that way, that nobody will love them. So these people turn to such eating diseases as bulimia nervosa (regurgitating after one eats) or anorexia nervosa (eating too little). They also become seriously depressed and feel that life is not worth living, and think about or attempt committing suicide. Other actions: Teenagers also conform to the people around them very easily and quickly. If a friend decides to skip school, sometimes you decide to join him. However you may think it’s your decision, but in fact it is this person pressuring you simply by implanting the thought into your mind. This is also true for lying to teachers and parents etc., not doing homework/schoolwork and cheating on tests. WHY DO TEENS GIVE IN TO PEER PRESSUREPeople give in to Peer pressure for many different reasons. One of these reasons is low self-esteem. People with low self-esteem, will do almost anything to become a cool guy. Others give in to peer pressure, because people they think are cool say to do something. These people are just hurting themselves, because if that person is really cool, he isn’t going to make you cool, because you are his little helper. Peer pressure is present in one’s life as long as they have peers (school, workplace,†¦). Therefore, it is normal for a person to give in to peer pressure. At the beginning of teenage years, teens develop a sense of independence from their parents. Teens want to shape their identity and experiment new things. One may join a group if he is insecure about himself or if he has low self-esteem or self-worth. SELF-ESTEEM AND SELF-WORTHSelf-Esteem and Self-Worth affect people very deeply. When peer pressure is exerted on people with low self-esteem the reaction is often the same. A person with low esteem for himself will try to raise his self-esteem but often in the wrong way. When someone changes his personality to conform with what others expect from them will always hurt them in the end.Teens must understand that the choices they make today will absolutely affect their future. Teens must also realise that their future is much more important than simply pleasing their friends today. Some things that you or your parents could do to build someones self-esttem are:+ Have frequent discussions with friends or children + Spend quality time with them+ Keep you eyes and ears open for new ways to offer support+ Respect their feelings and encourage him or her to share them with you+ Share your own beliefs and values+ Explain that you learned from your mistakes+ Encourage achievement but avoid adding undue pressure+ Always offer praise when your friends make good decisions HOW TO RESIST PEER PRESSUREThere are many different ways by which one may resist peer pressure. One very effective way is by simply saying ‘no’. Often we feel that they will persist but often an affirmative ‘no’ is enough. However, we must express clearly our choice, we mustn’t express the least sign of indecision. You may also walk away from the situation, no matter how much you want to fit in. You must realise that you are the one who makes the decisions for yourself, not your peers. If you feel uncomfortable with the people you are with, consider finding new friends, some which have a good reputation, which would eliminate any negative pressure. Another alternative would be to hang around many different types of people. That way you reduce the chances of being pressured. It is good to set yourself goals knowing that everything you do affects your future. WHY DO PEER GROUPS HAVE POWERThe main reason why peer groups have so much power over individuals is that they give something significant to a person such as self-esteem, security or even enhances their self-image. Peer groups are so powerful, they overcome the morals of family and society. Teenagers tend to go toward other teens with similar problems and in the same situation as they are. There is a very strong desire to satisfy the need for unity and acceptance. This causes peers to have more influence than parents. THE IMPORTANCE OF PEER PRESSURE Peer pressure plays a very influential role in our everyday lives. It affects, not only adolescents, but children, teens, adults, even senior citizens. Although some people think they aren’t affected by peer pressure, almost everyone is. Resisting even the smallest things is very hard. Peer pressure, affects the way we speak, walk, dress, act, our attitudes, who we hang out with, our friends, and what we do. Although peer pressure is often negative, but along with that negative, is also the positive. Peers, can make you do the smallest things, yet still be a large influence. Although most of the effects heard about are negative, the world would be a much different place without peer pressure, and not necessarily for the better. How would a world of individuals get together? If one group of individuals and another, can’t get together, and therefore proclaim war. How could a couple billion individuals survive together? Nevertheless, some things would get better. If many teenagers start smoking because of peer pressure, without it, fewer teens would probably be smoking. Could we survive without peer pressure? If there were no peer pressure, many things would be changed, the way we speak to friends, would be changed dramatically. We wouldn’t be able to say such common things as, â€Å"Those shoes are really cool,† because they could interpret this be a friend, to mean that wearing those shoes is cool, therefore being pressured. As you can see, peer pressure plays a very important role in our everyday lives. Without it, no one would be the same, a world of total individuals, who didn’t listen to what anyone had to say about everything. Yet with it, a world where teens start smoking at the age of 12, having babies at the age of 14, and stealing to get money to buy drugs at 18. IS PEER PRESSURE REALLY THAT BAD? We’ve established the fact that peer pressure affects everyone, but is it really that bad? There are many, many examples of disastrous consequences to peer pressure. Following is the example of David Duren. David Duren is awaiting execution on Alabama death row. For the last couple years he been asking himself: â€Å"What am i doing here?† By piecing together the events in his life. He says that his real problem was growing up with peer pressure. â€Å"I was a skinny little weekling, a straight kid.† So, for company and fun he hung out with the kids in his apartment complex. He wasn’t accepted at first because he didn’t smoke, drink or curse. But he discovered that if he wanted to fit in he had to do all those things. So, at age 12, he inhaled his first cigarette, drank his first beer, smoked his first joint of pot, and cursed regularly. He then discovered that by succumbing to peer pressure, he surrounded himself with so-called friends who smoked, drank, did drugs and cursed. Bye exposing yourself to the drug world you discover many, many different drugs. Then suddenly, he wasn’t just smoking pot, he was crushing Quaaludes and mixing it with his pot. He then discovered his favorite drug, LSD. He was doing it even when in the army on the average of four or five times a week. One night, he killed a 16 year old girl while he was doing LSD. â€Å"Why All because I gave in to peer pressure! That’s where it all started.† He explains. † Your friends can make you or break you.† David Duren now wishes he had taken the advice of 1Corinthians 15:33, â€Å"Do not be deceived: bad companions corrupt good morals.† Peer pressure is one of the major reasons that teens abuse illegal drugs. Peer pressure is when another person in this age group persuades someone else to do something they don’t want to do. (Williams, Rob) This happens often among friends. In Alcohol, Stepney discuses children mimicking or idealizing friends, family, or T.V. Most people use peer pressure every day. A typical phrase is when someone says, â€Å"It will be fun, trust me.† This could be harmless pressure to try something like a new movie, or a new brand of cookies. It could also be pressure to abuse illegal drugs. Peer pressure is often used in harmful ways. (Doe, John) Teens at a party want to fit in. Many find it is very hard to say no when their peers are doing drugs. It may seem easy to say no, but when a teen feels pressured and wants to fit in, most teens try the drugs in the end. Another form of peer pressure is reverse psychology. This is making it look good for you although it’s bad. If someone changes sides all of a sudden, a teen may change to the other side as well thinking it was their own idea. Greed, according to an electronic source, is another reason for drug abuse among teens, as they get others hooked and sell to them to pay for their own habit. (Guillermo D. Jalil) Peer pressure is probably the main reason most teens abuse illegal drugs. During puberty, many teens suffer with depression. Depression is when a teen is not happy with themselves for real or imagined reasons. They may be suffering from low self-esteem or torment by others, leading to not being happy with their appearance or other physical features. Many teens go through periods of moodiness, inner turmoil, and rebellion (Gilbert, Sara). Depression may also occur in a teen due to family problems. A teen may think a divorce is coming due to parental behavior but the parents may not be thinking that. In How to Live With a Single Parent, Sara Gilbert says, â€Å"It could be worse (29).† This refers to a parent talking about a teen’s father’s death. Family problems are stressful and this stress can lead to depression, thoughts of suicide, and the abuse of illegal drugs. Stress is a physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension (Williams, Rob). When adolescents go through a lot of stress they just want the problems to go away. Some abuse mind-expanding drugs, which make them forget for the time being. According to â€Å"Getting High in Junior High†, youth today are rapidly changing (Doe, John). Many teens do not seem to be able to handle the changes. When they become sober again, they may become depressed. They still have the worries and emotional problems they used to. Loneliness is a feeling many teens go through. Adolescents go through this because during their teen years they become more independent. This causes them to change their lifestyle. Changing lifestyles means they may stay in or out of the house more. They may not hang out with friends as often (Gilbert, Sara). Teens sometimes abuse drugs to pass their time because they are lonely. They do this because it makes them feel good for a short time. Nody Labi writes in â€Å"Amiss Among the Amish† for Time magazine, of an Amish college student saying, â€Å"The ‘thrills’ are not really satisfying. The stability in the Amish community looks more worthwhile† (Labi, Nodi). This Amish college student realized the stability of her community was more satisfying than the thrills of abusing illegal drugs.

Origins of Nationalism in France

In terms of the origins of national identity in France it is agreed that the French Revolution was the single most important period of radical social and political upheaval and was henceforth a catalyst for the spread of nationalism in France aswell as throughout the rest of Europe. Despite the fact the French Revolution occurred over 200 years ago, in present day France, there remain various symbols of the revolution which have become deeply embedded in the national identity of the country.One of which being the tricolore flag which was created to oppose the flag of the King, which itself was a symbol of the Ancient Regime. Pre-revolutionary France was characterised by a social structure based on class and tradition, but more importantly, it was based on inequalities which were sanctioned by the force of law. The Ancient regime in France had been based on the division of society into legal categories. Membership of the first and second estates (clergy and nobility) conferred legal a nd social entitlements that were not available to the Third Estate.The idea of Absolutism meant that the Monarchy was entitled to expect the obedience of the people on the grounds that the King was the agent of God’s purpose. The French Revolution was the turning point in modern history. It was the first manifestation of nationalism in the Western world; it abolished the ancient regime and thus the absolute monarchy, giving birth to the French nation in a sudden burst of enthusiasm. In 1790 all the communities of France erected an altar to the fatherland with the inscription: â€Å"The citizen is born, lives and dies for the fatherland. The revolution began a new age in French political life, the old political order in France was destroyed and replaced by a new order that was based on individual rights, representative institutions and loyalty to the nation as opposed to the Monarch. This new era fostered new political ideals summarised in the French slogan; ‘Liberte, E galite et Fraternite which is still to this day a symbol of French nationalism. One of the key events in the development of nationalism in France which arose with the French Revolution was ‘The declaration of the rights of man of the citizen’ in 1789.This fundamental document harboured fervour that France belonged to its people, not Louis XVI and defined the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal. It created shared values such as liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression and civil equality which bought the French people together as nation. Napoleon Bonaparte also had a significant role in creating a national identity in France. He was considered by some to be the ‘preserver of the French Revolution’ as he introduced the Napoleonic Code which attempted to unite the country by making everyone equal before the law.It spread the ideals of the revolution including legal equality and economic freedom and therefor e a sentiment of nationalism through France and the rest of Europe. However, often the nationalism that developed in reaction to Napoleon took one of two tracks. In some cases, it was a conservative nationalism, a desire to go back to the old ways that prevailed before Napoleon took over and started making reforms. On the other hand, there was liberal nationalism. Napoleon continued to spread some of the fruits of the French Revolution but some people wanted more: they wanted true self-government.As a result of the French Revolution and Napoleon, French people started taking great pride in the history, language, culture and religion of their country which helped create a strong French national identity. During the French Revolution, the National Assembly decreed that the Louvre should be used as a museum, to display the nation's masterpieces. Napoleon inspired national pride by reopening the Louvre in 1801 and bringing hundreds of famous paintings and other works of art to the natio n’s attention.The French nation-state unified the French people in particular through the consolidation of the use of the French language. The French language has been essential to the concept of ‘France' even though in 1789 only 50% of French people spoke it. Conscription, invented by Napoleon mixed the various groups of France into a nationalist mould which created the French citizen and his consciousness of membership to a common nation, while the various â€Å"patois† were progressively eradicated.Secularism in France is a fundament of the French nation. It is important when considering the national identity of France as it stems from the sense of ‘religious freedom’ which was a principle laid down by the French Revolution. It also emphasises the fact that the Republic has always recognised individuals, rather than groups and that a French citizen owes allegiance to the nation, and has no officially sanctioned ethnic or religious identity.

Dementia Essays - Cognitive Disorders, Psychiatric Diagnosis

Dementia Essays - Cognitive Disorders, Psychiatric Diagnosis Dementia What is Dementia ? Dementia is an organic brain syndrome which results in global cognitive impairment. Dementia can occur as a result of a variety of neurological diseases. Some of the more well known dementing diseases include Alzheimers disease (AD), multi-infarct dementia (MID), and Huntingtons disease (HD). Throughout this essay the emphasis will be placed on AD (also known as dementia of the Alzheimers type, and primary degenerative dementia), because statistically it is the most significant dementing disease occurring in over 50% of all demented patients (see epidemiology). The clinical picture in dementia is very similar to delirium, except for the course. Delirium is an acute transitory disorder. By contrast Dementia is a long term progressive disorder (with the exception of the reversible dementias). The course of AD can range anywhere from 1.5 to 15 years with an average of about years (Katzman, Lasker AD is usually divided into three stages mild, moderate, and severe. Throughout these stages a specific sequence of cognitive deterioration is observed (Lezak, 1995). The mild stage begins with memory, attention, speed dependent activities, and abstract reasoning dysfunction. Mild language impairments also begin to surface at this period. In the moderate stage, language deficits such as aphasia and apraxia become prominent. Dysfluency, paraphasias, and bizarre word combinations are common midstage speech defects. In the severe stage the patient is gradually reduced to a vegetative state. Speech becomes non-fluent, repetitive, and largely non-communicative. In addition, Auditory comprehension becomes exceedingly limited, with many patients displaying partial or complete mutism. Late in the course of the disease many neuropsychological functions can no longer be measured. Furthermore, primitive reflexes such as grasp and suck emerge as well. Death usually results from a disease such as pneumonia which overwhelms the limited vegetative functions of the patient. Dementia is commonly differentiated along two dimensions age and cortical level. The first dimension, age, serves to distinguish between senile and presenile dementia. Senile dementia is used to describe patients who become demented after the age of 65, whereas presenile dementia applies to patients who become demented prior to that age. Late onset AD (LOAD) also known as senile dementia of the Alzheimers type (SDAT) is the predominant cause of senile dementia. Early onset AD (EOAD) is the most frequent cause of presenile dementia, but HD, Picks disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease though not as frequent are also important causes in presenile dementia. The second dimension, cortical level, differentiates between cortical and subcortical dementia. Cortical dementia is used to describe dementia which results from brain lesions at the cortical level, whereas sub- cortical dementia applies to dementia which results from subcortical brain lesions. AD and Picks disease are amongst the best known examples of cortical dementia; whereas HD, Parkinsons disease (PD), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) are good examples of subcortical dementia (Derix, 1994). When dementia with both cortical and subcortical features occurs, the term mixed dementia is used. MID is a common example of mixed dementia. Historical Developments in Dementia Pre-Modern Developments The use of the term dementia dates back to Roman times. The Latin word demens did not originally have the specific connotation that it does today. It meant being out of ones mind and as such was a general term for insanity (URen, 1987). It was the encylopedist Celsus who first used the word dementia in his De re medicina, published around AD 30. A century later the Cappadocian physician Aretaeus first described senile dementia with the word dotage: The dotage which is the calamity of old agedotage commencing with old age never intermits, but accompanies the patient until death (URen, 1987, P. 1). Curiously, dementia was mentioned in most systems of psychiatric classification throughout pre-modern times, though the precise meaning of the word is often unclear (URen, 1987). Nineteenth Century It can be argued that the origins of the scientific study of dementia date back to the early nineteenth century. The initial steps were undertaken by the great French psychiatrist Pinel at the beginning of that century. Pinels observations led him to conclude that dementia is caused by idiotism. He used the term dementia in relation to the progressive mental changes seen in some idiots (URen, 1987,3). Furthermore, Pinel thought that dementia was a distinct abnormal entity,

The 1920 Wall Street Bombing

The 1920 Wall Street Bombing At noon on September 16, 1920, a horse drawn buggy loaded with 100 pounds of dynamite and 500 pounds of cast- iron slugs exploded across the street from the J.P. Morgan bank headquarters in downtown Manhattan, New York. The explosion blew out windows for blocks around, killed 30 immediately, injured hundreds of others and completely destroyed the interior of the Morgan building.. Those responsible were never found, but evidence- in the form of a warning note received at a nearby office building- suggested anarchists. Tactic / Type: VBIED / Anarchist Learn more: VBIEDs (vehicle borne improvised explosive devices | Anarchism and Anarchist terrorism Where: Financial District, downtown Manhattan, New York When: September 16, 1920 The Story: Shortly after 12pm on September 16, a dynamite loaded horse drawn cart exploded on the corner of Wall and Broad Street in downtown Manhattan, just outside the banking firm. J.P. Morgan   Co. The blast would ultimately kill 39 people- most of them the clerks and messengers and secretaries who served the financial institutionsand cause damage in the millions of dollars. To witnesses, the scale of the damage was unimaginable. Glass flew everywhere, including into the Morgan building, where several of the banks partners were injured (Morgan himself was traveling in Europe that day.) The attack was made more lethal by the cast iron slugs packed in with the dynamite. Investigations began immediately, with several theories about who might have committed the attack discarded along the way. Thomas Lamont, a Morgan bank principal, first accused Bolsheviks of the attack. Bolsheviks was for many a catch-all term that meant radicals, whether anarchists, communists or socialists. The day after the attack, a message was found in a mailbox a block from the attack, which said: Remember. We will not tolerate any longer. Free the political prisoners or it will be death for all of you. American Anarchist Fighters! Some have theorized that this note indicated that the attack was revenge for the murder indictment, several days earlier, of anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. Finally, it was concluded that either Anarchists or communists were responsible. However, those responsible for the attack were never located, and suspicions about the object of the attack were inconclusive. From Wall Street to the World Trade Center: The first act of terrorism aimed at the heart of the nations financial institutions inevitably draws comparison to the second, on September 11, 2001. Beverly Gage, author of the forthcoming book, The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in its First Age of Terror, has made one such comparison: To New Yorkers and to Americans in 1920, the death toll from the blast seemed incomprehensible. The horrible slaughter and maiming of men and women, wrote the New York Call, was a calamity that almost stills the beating of the heart of the people. That those numbers now seem paltry statistics from a past when we counted civilian deaths in dozens instead of thousands underscores just how violently our own world changed last Tuesday. The destruction of the World Trade Center now stands alone in the annals of horror. But despite the difference in scale, the Wall Street explosion forced upon New York and the nation many of the same questions that we are confronting today: How should we respond to violence on this new scale? What is the proper balance between freedom and security? Who, exactly, is responsible for the destruction? There is another striking similarity. We may think that the defensive security crackdowns and resource mobilization following 9/11 are unprecedented, but a similiar mobilization occurred in 1920: Within days of the attack, there were calls on Congress and the Department of Justice to dramatically increase funding and legal mechanisms to counter the threat of Communists and Anarchists. According to the New York Times on September 19: It was said today at the Department of Justice that Attorney General Palmer would recommend in his annual report to Congress that drastic laws for dealing with anarchists and other disturbing elements be enacted. At the same time he will ask for larger appropriations, which were denied in the past.

Impact of Discrimination on Productivity Article

Impact of Discrimination on Productivity - Article Example The routine evaluation should also be systematized in such a way that any discriminatory behavior on part of the supervisors is immediately evident. different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, sex or age." [Hobson, pg 131] We all like to believe that we live in progressive times, times when we have left social evils like discrimination far behind us, and that when they rear their ugly heads, we will be protected from them by social laws. We often fail to take into consideration the fact that we, as people, are flawed. On a normal day, each one of us "discriminates" against our fellow man in hundreds of different ways. Choosing to sit next to a friendly looking lady on the morning bus instead of the malodorous homeless man, choosing the coffee shop attendant who gives every customer a friendly smile rather than her sullen colleague who looks like she got off the wrong side of the bed these are small, everyday snippets from our lives that no-one holds against useven though we are making "distinctions" that are "unjust" and "prejudicial". It is said to be indirect if a requirement or condition is applied equally to all, but it has a disproportionately detrimental effect on one sex or racial group, because of their inability to comply with it. Impact Of Discrimination on Productivity in the Workplace 4 It takes the from of harassment when someone is subjected to inappropriate actions, behavior, comments or physical contact that is objectionable or causes offence to the recipient. It may be of a sexual or racial nature or it may be directed towards people because of their age, their sexuality, a disability or some other characteristic.[ Guild, pg 3] As is evident from the information provided above, the most common forms of discrimination encountered in our everyday lives are those based on race, gender and age. On basis of the information provided by Ms. XX, she believes that she was subjected to racial and gender discrimination during her tenure of ten years in this company. In addition to being overlooked for a promotion that she believes she deserved, she also states multiple other minor grievances, in the from of incidents where she felt that she was being subjected to discriminatory treatment. All her complaints will be assessed separately. Her primary complaint is that at the time of promotion, she was overlooked, in-spite of her seniority and greater work experience, and the promotion was given instead to a less qualified colleague

Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Motivation - Essay Example GE as a company has been focused on HR and committed to its employees in many ways which go beyond the norms of reward management as compared to other companies. It has an innovative way of rewarding employees who uphold the values considered important by GE and this has given the company the respect and admiration of many business gurus (Demos, 2006). While the rewards for working at GE are many, the reward selection process uses a ranking system which punishes those employees who do not make the reward cut by termination. This has also caused some controversy as it can be seen as negative to the concepts of motivation but the overall effect of GE’s motivation techniques has been very positive and is well regarded by industry experts. Even though management and the rules applicable to motivating people change day to day as discoveries are made in the field (Beardwell &Holden, 1997). As early as the 1930s, GE was focused motivation for labour and had created profit based employee bonuses as well as pension plans. It is difficult to find companies which have innovated to such an extent that their name becomes associated with certain management practices. The vast majority of organizations will fade into history without establishing any leadership in management innovations but GE holds the unique position of not only having an established name, they have been the leaders in employee motivation for the better part of their existence (Colvin, 2006). The CEO of Ogilvy & Mather, Shelly Lazarus has been on the GE board for the past five years. She says that the process of rewarding employees begins as soon as the recruitment process is started. Even being offered a position at GE is a cause for celebration for a person since GE develops leaders who are groomed to take up positions at the head of the company (Colvin, 2006). I agree with this concept and the idea of evaluating employees for rewards as soon as they are recruited goes a long way towards